Prior Surgeries and Medications

Certain urological surgeries may reduce the number of sperm, or prevent having sperm in your ejaculate completely. These surgeries include vasectomy, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. The same result can come from certain medications – Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, some ulcer drugs, some arthritis drugs and certain other medications can impair sperm production and decrease male fertility. In some cases, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can also affect male fertility. 

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IUI – Intrauterine insemination

Intrauterine insemination, or IUI, is one of the simplest methods developed in the field of artificial reproductive technologies.  As it is uncomplicated and minimally invasive

Environmental factors

Studies have shown that certain environmental factors can have negative effects on male fertility. Overexposure to these factors, such as toxic chemicals or heat, can

Scraping Frozen Sperm

Partial thawing of a vial of cryopreserved sperm (or shaving) is sometimes applied as a measure to preserve sperm for further use, particularly in cases

Split Ejaculate

The whole semen sample is composed of multiple secretions from various parts of the male reproductive system.  As each part contributes a different portion of

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