The efficacy of alternative medicine has not been examined in randomized, controlled clinical trials. Therefore, is no conclusive proof for the ability of such treatment

The term used to describe the process of producing sperm cells from the precursor stem cells. 

Depending on the type of azoospermia (obstructive vs non-obstructive) surgical procedures such as TESA and microTESE can be suggested for retrieving sperm and searching for

Round spermatids are precursors of mature spermatozoa, meaning immature sperm cells, and are seen in about 30% of men with non-obstructive azoospermia that have no

A process of assessing areas where localized sperm production occurs in the testis. Mapping the testicles for areas of sperm production adds to the certainty

The technique of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the testis was initially used as a diagnostic procedure in azoospermic men. Subsequently, testicular FNA for the recovery

Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) is a procedure performed for men who need to have sperm retrieved for IVF/ICSI procedures. A needle is inserted in the

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) is another procedure performed on men who have a sperm production problem and are azoospermic (non-obstructive azoospermia). MicroTESE is performed

Microepididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) is a procedure performed for men who have vasal or epididymal obstruction, a form of obstructive azoospermia caused by vasectomy or

In men without azoospermia, sperm retrieval procedures have a high success rate of about 98 percent. In men with azoospermia, the chances of finding sperm