The vas deferens are small tubes that carry sperm to the urethra, to be ejaculated.  During a vasectomy, these tubes either are either cut or

Obstructive azoospermia (OA) occurs when something blocks the mature sperm’s ability to reach the ejaculate.  Instead, they remain “stuck” in the testis.  Several surgical techniques

Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) This method is used for men who have an epididymal obstruction preventing the sperm from moving, as well as for

Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) For conventional TESE, a random incision is made in the testis and a sample of tissue is removed and analyzed.  

Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA), also known as Testicular Fine Need Aspiration (TEFNA) TESA is performed under local anesthesia and is usually the method chosen for

Microdissection TESE (micro-TESE) In a micro-TESE, a wide initial incision is made in the scrotum to expose the testis.  The surgeon then searches the entire

  In some men with non-obstructive azoospermia, there is a small amount of sperm production.  However, it is difficult to find and extract it due

Advanced sperm searches: Before proceeding to invasive methods and surgeries, a patient must undergo advanced sperm search methods, which enable a thorough examination of semen